The Kharif season depends heavily on the southwest monsoon, but rainfall has become increasingly unpredictable for farmers in many Indian states. Even a short dry spell during germination or flowering can reduce crop yield. Rainwater harvesting offers farmers a simple, low‑cost way to store water, improve soil moisture and protect crops during uncertain weather. This guide explains practical rainwater harvesting methods suited to small and marginal farmers, along with expert tips and available government support.
Why Rainwater Harvesting Matters for Kharif Farmers
- Over 60% of Indian agriculture is rain-fed, especially in states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and parts of Karnataka and Telangana.
- Even in high-rainfall regions, runoff and poor water retention lead to water shortages soon after the rains stop.
- Kharif crops are vulnerable to moisture stress during the flowering and grain-filling stages.
Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting During Monsoon Variability
Kharif crops such as paddy, maize, cotton and pulses need consistent moisture, especially during early growth and flowering. A 7–10 day dry spell can affect germination and reduce yield. Rainwater harvesting helps store runoff during heavy showers, improves moisture retention, reduces soil erosion and provides emergency irrigation when rains arrive late or stop suddenly.
Proven Rainwater Harvesting Methods
- Provide protective irrigation during dry spells
- Improve soil health and nutrient uptake
- Recharge local groundwater
- Reduce dependency on borewells or tankers
Farm Ponds(Khet Talab)
What it is: A dug-out pond within or near the farm that collects and stores rainwater or excess runoff.
Best for: Individual or group use in medium to high rainfall areas
Benefits:
- Stores water for 1–2 irrigations during dry spells
- Helps maintain livestock and nursery plants
- Reduces downstream flooding and erosion
Tip: In black cotton soil areas, pond linings (with clay or plastic) can reduce water seepage.
2. Contour Bunding
What it is: Construction of small earthen bunds along the natural contours of sloped land.
Best for: Hilly or undulating terrain
Benefits:
- Slows down rainwater runoff
- Promotes water percolation into the soil
- Reduces soil erosion
Farmer Tip: Strengthen bunds by planting grasses (like vetiver or marvel) on the ridges.
3. Nala Plugging and Check Dams
What it is: Building small barriers across seasonal streams or nalas to collect rainwater.
Best for: Cluster or community-level use in villages
Benefits:
- Stores runoff during heavy rains
- Recharges nearby wells and borewells
- Provides surface water for short-term irrigation
Government Support: Many states support these under MGNREGA and Watershed Development Programmes
4. Percolation Pits and Trenches
What it is: Small dug pits or trenches in the field or nearby fallow land to allow water to seep underground.
Best for: Dryland areas or places with falling groundwater levels
Benefits:
- Helps in recharging wells
- Increases root zone moisture
- Improves groundwater quality over time
Farmer Tip: Fill with stones or gravel to prevent clogging and improve infiltration.
5. Loose Boulder Structures (LBS)
What it is: Stacking loose stones in the path of small streams or water channels on hilly terrain.
Best for: Tribal or semi-arid regions with small catchments
Benefits:
- Slows water flow
- Promotes infiltration into surrounding soil
- Prevents gully erosion
Cost-Effective: Can be built with local stones and labour.
6. Field Bunding and Compartmental Bunding
What it is: Small rectangular plots are created using bunds to divide larger fields.
Best for: Black soil regions like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
Benefits:
- Holds rainwater where it falls
- Enhances moisture conservation
- Reduces nutrient run-off
Farmer Tip: Combine with mulching to retain moisture longer.
Practical Tips to Use Rainwater Effectively
- Start before the rains: Prepare structures by May so they’re ready to capture early monsoon showers.
- Integrate methods: Use combinations— like contour bunds with a farm pond —for maximum benefit.
- Maintain regularly: Clean, repair cracks, and reinforce weak bunds to ensure effectiveness every year.
- Involve the community:Watershed-based models work better when planned across neighbouring farms.
Government Schemes and Support
- PMKSY(Per Drop More Crop): Supports micro-irrigation and on-farm water management
- MGNREGA: Funds community water conservation structures like ponds, check dams, and LBS
- State Agriculture Departments & ATMA: Offer guidance, designs, and cost-sharing assistance
Conclusion: Prepare Your Fields, Secure Your Harvest
Rainwater harvesting helps Kharif farmers save water, store runoff and protect their crops during dry spells or delayed monsoon. Simple structures like farm ponds, bunds and percolation pits improve soil moisture and crop resilience. With proper planning and support from local agriculture departments, farmers can secure better yields even in uncertain rainfall conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Why is rainwater harvesting important for Kharif farmers?
It provides backup water during dry spells and reduces crop loss risks.
2. How does rainwater harvesting help during delayed rains?
Stored rainwater supports seedlings and early irrigation until monsoon rainfall begins.
3. What is the simplest method for small farms?
Farm ponds and percolation pits are easy, low‑cost, and effective for small farmers.
4. Does rainwater harvesting improve soil health?
Yes, it boosts moisture, reduces erosion, and strengthens nutrient availability.
5. Are government schemes available for farmers?
Yes, farmers receive support through various central and state water‑conservation programmes.
